FX.co ★ ट्रेडरों का आर्थिक कैलेंडर। अंतराष्ट्रीय आर्थिक घटनाएँ

The terms of a standardized loan are formally presented (usually in writing) to each party in the transaction before any money or property changes hands. If a lender requires any collateral, this will be stipulated in the loan documents as well. Most loans also have legal stipulations regarding the maximum amount of interest that can be charged, as well as other covenants such as the length of time before repayment is required. Loans can come from individuals, corporations, financial institutions and governments. They are a way to grow the overall money supply in an economy as well as open up competition, introduce new products and expand business operations. Loans are a primary source of revenue for many financial institutions such as banks, as well as some retailers through the use of credit facilities.

WEF annual meetings are held in Davos and attended by central bankers, prime ministers, finance ministers, trade ministers, and business leaders from over 90 countries.

The Focus Market Report provides weekly mean market expectations for inflation over following month, 12 months, and following year as well as expectations for Selic target rate, real GDP growth, net public sector debt/GDP, industrial production growth, current account, and trade balance, collected from over 130 banks, brokers, and funds managers.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the change in the price of goods and services from the perspective of the consumer. It is a key way to measure changes in purchasing trends and inflation. The impact on the currency may go both ways, a rise in CPI may lead to a rise in interest rates and a rise in local currency, on the other hand, during recession, a rise in CPI may lead to a deepened recession and therefore a fall in local currency.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the change in the price of goods and services from the perspective of the consumer. It is a key way to measure changes in purchasing trends and inflation. The impact on the currency may go both ways, a rise in CPI may lead to a rise in interest rates and a rise in local currency, on the other hand, during recession, a rise in CPI may lead to a deepened recession and therefore a fall in local currency.

The Rightmove House Price Index (HPI) measures the change in the asking price of homes for sale. This is the U.K.'s earliest report on house price inflation, but tends to have a mild impact because asking prices do not always reflect selling prices.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the GBP, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the GBP.

Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) Assistant Governor Christopher Kent (since February 2012) is to speak. As a key adviser to RBA board members, who decide short term interest rates, Kent has considerable influence over the value of the Australian dollar. Traders scrutinize his public engagements for clues regarding future monetary policy.

His comments may determine a short-term positive or negative trend.

Exports of goods and services consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from residents to non-residents. A function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade. The sale of such goods addsto the producing nation's gross output. If used for trade, exports are exchangedfor other products or services. Exports are one of the oldest forms of economic transfer, and occur on a large scale between nations that have fewer restrictions on trade, such as tariffs or subsidies.

Imports of goods and services consist of transactions in goods and services (purchases, barter, gifts or grants) from non-residents to residents. A good or service brought into one country from another. Along with exports, imports form the backbone of international trade. The higher the value of imports entering a country, compared to the value of exports, the more negative that country's balance of trade becomes.

Trade balance is the net difference between exports and imports collected from the import/export entry forms of the Customs Department, which reveal both volume and value of imports and exports. In order for the trade balance to be consistent with the definition of balance of payments, statistical modifications have been made to exclude some customs items for the transactions carried out among the residents. Such items include: goods granted embassy privilege; goods with no change of ownership, e.g., goods sent for repair, temporary imported goods, sample goods, leased goods. Adjustments are as well made to include goods actually imported and exported but did not undergo customs declaration such as military goods, electrical appliances and commercial aircrafts.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the change in the price of goods and services from the perspective of the consumer. It is a key way to measure changes in purchasing trends and inflation. The impact on the currency may go both ways, a rise in CPI may lead to a rise in interest rates and a rise in local currency, on the other hand, during recession, a rise in CPI may lead to a deepened recession and therefore a fall in local currency.

Changes in the volume of the physical output of the nation's factories, minesand utilities are measured by the index of industrial production. The figure is calculated as a weighted aggregate of goods and reported in headlines as a percent change from previous months. It is often adjusted by season or weather conditions and thus volatile. However, it is used as a leading indicator and helps in forecasting GDP changes. Rising industrial production figures signify increasing economic growth and can positively influence the sentiment towards local currency.

Changes in the volume of the physical output of the nation's factories, minesand utilities are measured by the index of industrial production. The figure is calculated as a weighted aggregate of goods and reported in headlines as a percent change from previous months. It is often adjusted by season or weather conditions and thus volatile. However, it is used as a leading indicator and helps in forecasting GDP changes. Rising industrial production figures signify increasing economic growth and can positively influence the sentiment towards local currency.

Capacity utilization is a concept in economics and managerial accounting which refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. Thus, it refers to the relationship between actual output that 'is' actually produced with the installed equipment, and the potential output which 'could' be produced with it, if capacity was fully used. A rull of thumb is, when capacity utilization is stable above 80%, in most cases rates will start going up. A higher than expected number should be taken as positive to the TRY while a lower than expected number as negative

Confidence indicator is a measure of the mood of consumers or businesses. It is usually based on a survey during which respondents rate their opinion on different issues concerning current and future conditions. There are many kinds of confidence indicators as institutions measuring them use different questions,sizes of samples or frequency of publications. Consumers opinions are typically expressed with answers like: better, same, worse or positive, negative and unchanged. Results of such surveys are calculated by subtracting the negative replies from the positive ones. Business confidence indicator is closely linked to corporate spending and correlated with employment, consumption and investment. Therefore it is carefully watched as an indication of possible changes in the overall economic growth. A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the TRY, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the TRY.

German Business Expectations rates the expectations of businesses in Germany for the following six months. It is is a sub-index of the German Ifo Business Climate Index.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

The German Current Assessment rates current business conditions in Germany, without considering future expectations. It is a sub-index of the German Ifo Business Climate Index.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

The German Ifo Business Climate Index rates the current German business climate and measures expectations for the next six months. It is a composite index based on a survey of manufacturers, builders, wholesalers and retailers. The index is compiled by the Ifo Institute for Economic Research.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

Industrial Production measures the change in the total inflation-adjusted value of output produced by manufacturers, mines, and utilities.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the TWD, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the TWD.

The Unemployment Rate measures the percentage of the total work force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment during the previous quarter.A higher than expected reading should be taken as negitive/bearish for the TWD , while a lower than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the TWD.

Retail sales data represents total consumer purchase from retail stores. It provides valuable information about consumer spending which makes up the consumption part of GDP. The most volatile components like autos, gas prices and food prices are often removed from the report to show more underlying demand patterns as changes in sales in these categories are frequently a result of price changes. It is not adjusted for inflation. Spending on services is not included. Rising retail sales indicate stronger economic growth. However, if the increase is larger than forecast, it may be inflationary.A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the PLN , while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the PLN.

Tourism is a service based industry that applies to people's traveling and staying in a place that is not their usual environment and for the purpose of leisure, not business. It includes such elements as accommodation, food and beverages, souvenirs, tours, transport but also relaxation, adventure, culture. Tourism can substantially impact economic development of both host countries and home countries of tourists. However, consequences can be both positive and negative. Benefits from tourism industry concern: income from tourists expenditures as well as imports and exports of goods and services, contributions to government revenues from taxes put on tourism businesses, stimulation of infrastructure investment and new employment opportunities. However, a country or region should not be dependent only on this one industry. The seasonal character of tourism causes problems such as insecurity of seasonal workers that concern e.g. lack of guarantee of employment in next seasons and therefore difficulties in getting employment related medical benefits. In addition, local residents often experience increase in prices for basic goods and services whereas their income remains unchanged. Moreover, as demand in real estate rises in tourist regions, building costs and land values also go up.

WEF annual meetings are held in Davos and attended by central bankers, prime ministers, finance ministers, trade ministers, and business leaders from over 90 countries.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the change in the price of goods and services from the perspective of the consumer. It is a key way to measure changes in purchasing trends and inflation.

Producer Price Index (PPI) measures a change in the prices of goods and services, over a span of time, either as they leave their place of production or as they enter the production process. PPI measures a change in the prices received by domestic producers for their outputs or the change in the prices paid by domestic producers for their intermediate inputs.The Producer Price Index (PPI) is designed to monitor changes in prices of items at the first important commercial transactions. The PPI shows the same general pattern of inflation as does Consumer price index, but is more volatile. This is because it is weighted more heavily towards goods that are traded in highly competitive markets and somewhat less sensitive to changes in the cost of labour. In principle, the PPI should include service industries, but in practice it is limited to the domestic agricultural and industrial sector.

Producer Price Index (PPI) measures a change in the prices of goods and services, over a span of time, either as they leave their place of production or as they enter the production process. PPI measures a change in the prices received by domestic producers for their outputs or the change in the prices paid by domestic producers for their intermediate inputs.The Producer Price Index (PPI) is designed to monitor changes in prices of items at the first important commercial transactions. The PPI shows the same general pattern of inflation as does Consumer price index, but is more volatile. This is because it is weighted more heavily towards goods that are traded in highly competitive markets and somewhat less sensitive to changes in the cost of labour. In principle, the PPI should include service industries, but in practice it is limited to the domestic agricultural and industrial sector.

A monthly report by the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank that tracks economic activity in the 7th district, which is comprised of Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The index is useful in tracking economic growth and identifying potential inflation.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the USD, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the USD.

The Bank of Israel's "headline" rate of interest is the rate of interest announced by the Governor at the end of every liquidity month. These announcements have been made since the end of 1993, and provide the commercial banks with a benchmark for their rates on local currency unindexed deposits and credit.A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the ILS , while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the ILS.

The National Bank of Belgium (NBB) Business Climate Index measures the change in the level of confidence in business conditions. On the index, a level above zero indicates improving conditions, below indicates worsening conditions. The data is compiled from a survey of about 6,000 businesses which asks respondents to rate the current level of business conditions and expectations for the following six months.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

Retail Sales measure the change in the total value of inflation-adjusted sales at the retail level. It is the foremost indicator of consumer spending, which accounts for the majority of overall economic activity. A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the UAH, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the UAH.

Retail Sales measure the change in the total value of inflation-adjusted sales at the retail level. It is the foremost indicator of consumer spending, which accounts for the majority of overall economic activity. A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the UAH, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the UAH.

Trade balance, called also net export, is the difference between the value of country's exports and imports, over a period of time. A positive balance (trade surplus) means that exports exceed imports, a negative one means the opposite. Positive trade balance illustrates high competitiveness of country's economy. This strengthens investors' interest in the local currency, appreciating its exchange rate.

The Consumer Confidence measures the level of consumer confidence in economic activity. It is a leading indicator as it can predict the consumer spending, which is a major part in the total economic activity. Higher readings point to higher consumer optimism. A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the KRW, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the KRW.

Retail Sales measure the change in the total value of inflation-adjusted sales at the retail level. It is the foremost indicator of consumer spending, which accounts for the majority of overall economic activity.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the NZD, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the NZD.

Retail sales data represents total consumer purchase from retail stores. It provides valuable information about consumer spending which makes up the consumption part of GDP. The most volatile components like autos, gas prices andfood prices are often removed from the report to show more underlying demand patterns as changes in sales in these categories are frequently a result of price changes. It is not adjusted for inflation. Spending on services is not included. Rising retail sales indicate stronger economic growth. However, if theincrease is larger than forecast, it may be inflationary.

The Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) measures the activity level of purchasing managers in the manufacturing sector. A reading above 50 indicates expansion in the sector; below 50 indicates contraction. Traders watch these surveys closely as purchasing managers usually have early access to data about their company’s performance, which can be a leading indicator of overall economic performance.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the JPY, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the JPY.

Export price index is a measure of the average prices of a group of the goods that a country exports. The headline is the percentage change in the index from the previous month or year. It is generally preferable when the index is based on prices taken directly from the exporter. However, in the absence of national sources, data for wholesale prices are taken from world commodity markets and are converted into national currency at period average exchange rates. Changes in this figure represent either a change in the amount of sold goods or in the prices of the goods which might be caused by changing production costs. Export price index serves is an indicator of the economy's total demand for goods and services. Therefore it directly influences GDP.

Import price index is a measure of the average prices of the goods that a country imports. The headline is the percentage change in the index from the previous month or year. It is generally preferable when the index is based on prices taken directly from the importer. However, in the absence of national sources, data for wholesale prices are taken from world commodity markets and are converted into national currency at period average exchange rates. Changes in this figure represent either a changing foreign demand or a change in prices of foreign goods. Significant changes in foreign goods prices might affect inflation. Increasing index causes higher retail prices in the country. Import price index is an indicator of the economy's total supply of goods and services.

The Producer Price Index (PPI) is designed to monitor changes in prices of items at the first important commercial transactions. The PPI shows the same general pattern of inflation as does Consumer price index, but is more volatile. This is because it is weighted more heavily towards goods that are traded in highly competitive markets and somewhat less sensitive to changes in the cost of labour.The PPI is worth watching as a leading indicator of inflation at the consumer level. A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR , while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

The definition for an unemployed person is: Persons (16-65 years) who were available for work (except for temporary illness) but did not work during the survey week, and who made specific efforts to find a job within the previous 4 weeks by going to an employment agency, by applying directly to an employer, by answering a job ad, or being on a union or professional register.The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the labour force. The unemployment rate for a particular age/sex group is the number of unemployed in that group expressed as a percentage of the labour force for that group. A higher than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR , while a lower than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR.

The Business Survey measures industrial activity in France, the world’s fourth largest economy. The data is compiled from a survey of around 4,000 French business leaders from a broad range of sectors.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

Wages and salaries are defined as "the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable to all persons counted on the payroll (including homeworkers), in returnfor work done during the accounting period" regardless of whether it is paid on the basis of working time, output or piecework and whether it is paid regularly or not.Y/Y - percentage change over corresponding period of the previous year. Gross monthly average earnings of full-time employees in the national economy.

The French Manufacturing Purchasing Manager's Index (PMI) measures the activity level of purchasing managers in the manufacturing sector. A reading above 50 indicates expansion in the sector; a reading below 50 indicates contraction. Traders watch these surveys closely as purchasing managers usually have early access to data about their company’s performance, which can be a leading indicator of overall economic performance.

A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR, while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.

The PMI monthly Composite Reports on Manufacturing and Services are based on surveys of over 300 business executives in private sector manufacturing companies and also 300 private sector services companies.Data is usually released on the third working day of each month.Each response is weighted according to the size of the company and its contribution to total manufacturing or services output accounted for by the sub-sector to which that company belongs. Replies from larger companies have a greater impact on the final index numbers than those from small companies.Results are presented by question asked, showing the percentage of respondents reporting an improvement, deterioration or no change since the previous month.From these percentages, an index is derived: a level of 50.0 signals no change since the previous month, above 50.0 signals an increase (or improvement), below 50.0 a decrease (or contraction).A higher than expected reading should be taken as positive/bullish for the EUR , while a lower than expected reading should be taken as negative/bearish for the EUR.